Abstract: In the theoretical exploration of the development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) under the guidance of Marxism, Mao Ze-dong and Xi Jin-ping, the two generations of leaders of the Communist Party of China, had made important instructions and systematic discussions on TCM. By comparing the theoretical relationship and development of the two, we could promote the holistic observation and understanding of the stand, view and methods of TCM from the perspective of Marxism. Mao Ze-dong's and Xi Jin-ping's views of TCM has common characteristics of the formation path in terms of cultural identity, theoretical origin and self-practice. It could be systematically sorted out that there was echo and evolution of Mao Ze-dong's and Xi Jin-ping's views of TCM in the theoretical exposition from the aspects of high evaluation, due attitude, handling its relationship, and making it benefit the world. The inheritance and innovation of Mao Ze-dong's view of TCM could help better grasp the original contribution of Xi Jin-ping's view of TCM, and provide fundamental guidance for promoting the inheritance and innovation of TCM in the new era.