Abstract: Lineage teaching in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in new China originated in 1956. With the focus of medical and health work shifted to the countryside, lineage teaching was gradually ended up to 1966, which lasted for 11 years and was the first time of large-scale government-led lineage of TCM practitioners in China's history. Due to the lack of mature experience, lineage teaching was full of exploration from the beginning, especially for the continuous exploration and improvement of the lineage teaching criteria, which has laid an important foundation for the lineage teaching model of modern Chinese medicine in China. Although there was many shortcomings and defects viewed from the contemporary perspective, lineage teaching was a significant practice based on its own reality from the perspective of social and economic development at that time in China. It was a significant practice to explore the guarantee of people's health rights and interests, as well as a landmark event in the history of the inheritance and development of TCM cause in China.