Ancient Image of the Liver: "Three Lobes on the Left, Four Lobes on the Right, and All Seven Lobes"
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摘要: 《难经》最早记载肝的具体形状“独有两叶”“左三叶, 右四叶, 凡七叶”。考察历代医籍肝脏图像, 在晚清受西医影响之前, 脏腑全图中的肝脏形态多绘为简化的二叶, 在肝脏图中则以绘为两片, “左三叶, 右四叶, 凡七叶”为常。古代肝脏图像的基本形制, 虽与实际解剖相较有所形变, 但多有相通之处, 是基于实际解剖观察所得。其整体二叶之形与肝应春气, 木之甲坼皆两叶相应, 其“左三叶, 右四叶”的小叶之数和肝体阴用阳的特性相关, 是以象数符号展示肝脏的生理机能和特性。中国古代脏腑图像的绘制集解剖观察、中医理论、象数文化等于一体, 是科技和文化汇融为一的典型代表, 不可简单视之。Abstract: The earliest record of the specific shape of the liver in the "Classic of difficult issues" is "two pieces, with three lobes on the left, four lobes on the right, and all seven lobes". The liver images in the medical texts of the past dynasties, before the influence of Western medicine in the late Qing Dynasty, the liver shape in the whole diagram of the internal organs was mostly drawn as simplified two lobes, while in the liver diagram, it was often drawn as two pieces, "with three lobes on the left, four lobes on the right, and all seven lobes". The basic shape of the ancient liver image, although compared with the actual anatomy has changed, there are still many similarities. The ancient liver image is based on the actual anatomical observation. The overall shape of the two pieces is based on the theory that the liver communicates with spring, and the theory that the liver governs ascent and dispersion. Its "three lobes on the left, four lobes on the right" is related to the view of liver being substantial yin and functional yang, which are hieroglyphic symbols of the liver's physiological functions and characteristics. The drawing of ancient Chinese internal organs is a combination of anatomical observation, Chinese medical theory, and hieroglyphic culture, and is a typical example of the convergence of technology and culture, which should not be regarded as simple.
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Key words:
- liver image /
- seven lobes /
- Chinese medicine theory /
- hieroglyphic symbols /
- anatomy
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表 1 明代医籍肝脏图像概况
书目 成书年代 版本 图像类型 肝脏图叶数 文本文字说明 针灸聚英 1537 明嘉靖十六年
丁酉陶师文刻本肝脏图 七叶 肝重四斤四两, 左三叶, 右四叶, 共七叶, 附着于脊之第九椎。[7] 针灸大成 1601 明万历二十九年
辛丑山西赵文炳刻本脏腑全图 七叶 肝重二斤四两, 左三叶, 右四叶, 其治在左, 其脏在右胁。[8] 人镜经 1606 明万历三十四年
温陵洪启睿刻本肝脏图 两叶 肝有两叶, 如木甲坼之象, 又云: 左三右四, 凡七叶。言两叶者, 举其大言, 七叶者, 尽其详, 左三右四, 亦自阴阳之义。[9] 三才图会 1607 槐荫草堂刻本 肝脏图 七叶 肝重四斤四两, 左三叶, 右四叶, 共七叶, 附着于脊之第九椎。[10] 类经图翼 1624 明天启四年
天德堂初刻本肝脏图 七叶 肝重二斤四两, 左三叶, 右四叶, 凡七叶。[11]125 
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